Full Text PDF
Impact Factor (2025): 6.9
DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET
Impact Factor (2025): 6.9
DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET
Vol 10 No 5 (2026): Volume 10, Issue 5, May 2026 | Pages: 787-790
International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology
OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 31-05-2026
Accurate and rapid fault location is a fundamental requirement for the protection and restoration of meshed multiterminal voltage-source-converter high-voltage direct-current (MT-VSC-HVDC) grids. Conventional traveling-wave (TW) methods suffer from degraded accuracy under noisy field conditions, varying fault impedances, and complex meshed topologies where multiple wavefront reflections coexist. This paper proposes a novel double-ended traveling wave fault location algorithm enhanced by an adaptive wavelet detection scheme based on a Shannon-entropy-driven mother-wavelet selection and dynamic threshold control. The algorithm extracts modal-decomposed voltage transients via Karrenbauer transformation, identifies the first wavefront arrival at both line terminals using a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with optimally selected mother wavelet (db4–db10) and decomposition level, and computes the fault distance through synchronized GPS-based time-stamping. The proposed method is validated on a four-terminal meshed ±320 kV MT-VSC-HVDC test grid modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC. Results demonstrate maximum location errors below 0.42% of the line length under fault resistances up to 300 Ω, signal-to-noise ratios as low as 20 dB, and various fault types (PG, PP, PPG). The proposed algorithm offers superior accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency over conventional Bewley-lattice and fixed-wavelet TW methods, making it suitable for real-time deployment in future HVDC supergrids.
HVDC fault location, traveling wave, adaptive wavelet transform, Shannon entropy, multi-terminal HVDC, VSC-HVDC, modal transformation, meshed DC grid.
Arunendra Prasad Maurya, Shailendra Turkar, Gurucharan Mashram, & Ajay Shyamkunwar. (2026). A Novel Double-Ended Traveling Wave Fault Location Algorithm with Adaptive Wavelet Detection for Meshed Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Grids. International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, 10(5), 787-790.
This work is licensed under Creative common Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 Internation Licence
C. E. Shannon, “A mathematical theory of communication,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 379–423, Jul. 1948.
H. Karrenbauer, “Propagation of waves on multi-conductor lines,” Ph.D. dissertation, Tech. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany, 1968.
S. Mallat, “A theory for multiresolution signal decomposition: The wavelet representation,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 674–693, Jul. 1989.
I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets. Philadelphia, PA, USA: SIAM, 1992.
F. H. Magnago and A. Abur, “Fault location using wavelets,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1475–1480, Oct. 1998.
N. Flourentzou, V. G. Agelidis, and G. D. Demetriades, “VSC-based HVDC power transmission systems: An overview,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 592–602, Mar. 2009.
F. B. Costa, B. A. Souza, and N. S. D. Brito, “Real-time detection of fault-induced transients in transmission lines,” Electron. Lett., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 753–755, May 2010.
O. M. K. K. Nanayakkara, A. D. Rajapakse, and R. Wachal, “Travelingwave- based line fault location in star-connected multiterminal HVDC systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2286–2294, Oct. 2012.
S. Azizi, S. Afsharnia, and M. Sanaye-Pasand, “Fault location on multiterminal DC systems using synchronized current measurements,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 63, pp. 779–786, Oct. 2014.
Z. He et al., “Natural frequency-based line fault location in HVDC lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 851–859, Apr. 2014.
G. Tang et al., “Modeling and active control of MMC-HVDC during DC short-circuit faults,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 6571–6582, Dec. 2014.
W. Leterme, J. Beerten, and D. Van Hertem, “Nonunit protection of HVDC grids with inductive DC cable termination,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 820–828, Apr. 2016.
D. Tzelepis et al., “Single-ended differential protection in MTDC networks using optical sensors,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 1605–1615, Jun. 2017.
J. Xu et al., “Protection of meshed multiterminal VSC-HVDC grids using transient voltage variations,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 2401–2410, Oct. 2018.
M. Abu-Elanien et al., “Single-ended fault location for HVDC overhead lines based on transient signal modeling,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 1303–1313, Jun. 2018.
R. Bertho et al., “Selective non-unit protection technique for multiterminal VSC-HVDC grids,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 2106–2114, Oct. 2018.
M. Li et al., “SVM-based fault classification for HVDC transmission lines,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1937–1947, May 2018.
B. Li et al., “A novel single-ended transient-voltage-based protection strategy for flexible DC grids,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1925–1937, Aug. 2019.
J. Wang, L. Xu, and Y. Hu, “A traveling-wave-based fault location scheme for MMC-based multi-terminal DC grids,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 83491–83504, 2019.
CIGRE Working Group B4.72, DC Grid Benchmark Models for System Studies, CIGRE Brochure 804, Paris, France, 2020.
Y. Zhang et al., “Deep-learning-based fault location for multi-terminal HVDC transmission systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 1700–1711, Jun. 2021.
A. M. Hamada et al., “Enhanced distance protection for HVDC lines using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems,” PLoS One, vol. 21, no. 1, p. e0338629, Jan. 2026.
Y. Tao et al., “Fault Location and Protection for Metallic Return HVDC Grid Based on Natural Frequency Extraction of Modal Derivative Current,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 74, pp. 1–1, Jan. 2025.
Y. Zhang et al., “Fault Detection and Localization in an MT-VSCHVDC Network via a Hybrid CNN-Transformer Model with a Multihead Attention Mechanism,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 1–1, Jan. 2025.
X. Pei et al., “Fault location measurement approach for HVAC cable transmission lines integrated with offshore wind farm based on travelling wave information,” Measurement, vol. 271, p. 120967, Feb. 2026.
S. S. Rao et al., “Enhancing HVDC transmission line fault detection using disjoint bagging and bayesian optimization with artificial neural networks and scientometric insights,” Sci. Rep., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 23610, Oct. 2024.
J. Liao et al., “Bipolar HVDC grid fault identification within 1 ms using modulus instantaneous average values,” Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl., vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1–15, Sep. 2025.
Siemens Energy, “DC Grid Developments beyond InterOPERA: Multi- Terminal HVDC Supergrids,” in Proc. OPF2025 Session 5, The National HVDC Centre, Jun. 2025.
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, PSCAD/EMTDC User’s Guide, v5.0.2. Winnipeg, MB, Canada, 2026.
A. E. B. Abu-Elanien and A. I. Megahed, “A Decision Tree Based Ultra-high-speed Protection Scheme for Meshed MMC-MTDC Grids with Hybrid Lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 245– 258, Mar. 2026.
A. M. Hamada et al., “Enhanced distance protection for HVDC lines using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems,” PLoS One, vol. 21, no. 1, p. e0338629, Jan. 2026.
S. R. Arya and D. P. Mishra, “An Intelligent Framework-Based Wavelet Entropy for Reliable Fault Detection in Multi-Terminal HVDC Systems,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 1102– 1115, Feb. 2026.
X. Pei et al., “Fault location measurement approach for HVAC cable transmission lines integrated with offshore wind farm based on travelling wave information,” Measurement, vol. 271, p. 120967, Feb. 2026.
J. Liao et al., “Bipolar HVDC grid fault identification within 1 ms using modulus instantaneous average values,” Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl., vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1–15, Sep. 2025.
Y. Tao et al., “Fault Location and Protection for Metallic Return HVDC Grid Based on Natural Frequency Extraction of Modal Derivative Current,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 74, pp. 45–58, Jan. 2025.
Y. Zhang et al., “Fault Detection and Localization in an MT-VSCHVDC Network via a Hybrid CNN-Transformer Model with a Multihead Attention Mechanism,” IEEE Access, vol. 13, pp. 892–905, Jan. 2025.
S. S. Rao et al., “Enhancing HVDC transmission line fault detection using disjoint bagging and bayesian optimization with artificial neural networks,” Sci. Rep., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 23610, Oct. 2024.
A. Sharma et al., “MT–HVdc Systems Fault Classification and Location Methods Based on Traveling and Non-Traveling Waves: A Comprehensive Review,” Appl. Sci., vol. 16, no. 4, p. 1823, Feb. 2026.
M. S. Khan et al., “Intelligent Fault Diagnosis for HVDC Systems Based on Knowledge Graph and Pre-Trained Models: A Critical and Comprehensive Review,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 24, p. 6438, Dec. 2025.
D. P. Mishra et al., “A Novel Fault-Location Method for HVDC Transmission Lines: A Comprehensive Survey of Machine Learning Approaches,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 3120–3135, Sep. 2025.
CIGRE Working Group B4.81, “Application of VSC HVDC in a System Black Start Restoration,” CIGRE Technical Brochure 981, Paris, France, 2026.
CIGRE Working Group B4.82, “Condition Health Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance of HVDC Converter Stations,” CIGRE Technical Brochure 982, Paris, France, 2026.
L. Gong and R. Jia, “Cable Fault Location in VSC-HVDC System Based on Improved Local Mean Decomposition and Modal Aliasing Suppression,” Processes, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1655, Aug. 2024.
Z. Li et al., “DC Fault Detection and Location in Meshed Multi-terminal HVDC Systems Based on DC Reactor Voltage Change Rate,” Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1024– 1035, Jul. 2024.
F. Xinkai and B. Zhang, “Non-unit DC line protection method based on the normalized backward traveling waves of the 1-mode voltage,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 455–467, Jan. 2025.