Analysis of Biomass Co-Firing Impact on Boiler Tube Corrosion Rate in Steam Power Plants

Rifqi JauhariMaster Program in Energy, Graduate School, University of Diponegoro, Semarang, IndonesiaHadiyantoMaster Program in Energy, Graduate School, University of Diponegoro, Semarang, IndonesiaSri Widodo Agung SuedyMaster Program in Energy, Graduate School, University of Diponegoro, Semarang, Indonesia

Vol 10 No 5 (2026): Volume 10, Issue 5, May 2026 | Pages: 673-682

International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology

OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 31-05-2026

doi Logo doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2026.105090

Abstract

Biomass co-firing in coal-fired power plants is a key strategy to support national renewable energy targets. Although technically feasible, its implementation may affect boiler reliability and plant performance. This study evaluates the impact of co-firing on corrosion rate, boiler tube remaining life, Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR), and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) using Two-Way ANOVA and linear regression. Results show that area/location, fuel type, and their interaction significantly affect corrosion rate and remaining life (p < 0.05). Fuel type is the dominant factor, with partial eta squared (η²ₚ) values 0.900 (Unit 1), 0.812 (Unit 2) in corrosion rate and 0.915 (Unit 1) and 0.901 (Unit 2) in remaining life. Regression analysis indicates that calorific value influences NPHR and SFC, with both positive and negative relationships depending on unit and fuel composition. Overall, the implementation of biomass co-firing has a significant impact on corrosion rate, remaining life, and changes in power plant performance. Nevertheless, co-firing remains a viable energy transition solution, provided that technical considerations and appropriate operational control strategies are properly addressed.

Keywords

Co-Firing, Corrosion Rate, Remaining Life, NPHR, SFC.


Citation of this Article

Rifqi Jauhari, Hadiyanto, & Sri Widodo Agung Suedy. (2026). Analysis of Biomass Co-Firing Impact on Boiler Tube Corrosion Rate in Steam Power Plants. International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, 10(5), 673-682. Article DOI https://doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2026.105090

References
P. Adhiguna, “Indonesia’s Biomass Cofiring Bet: Beware of the Implementation Risks,” Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis (IEEFA), 2021, [Online] https://ieefa.org/sites/default/files/2022-06/Indonesias-Biomass-Cofiring-Bet_February-2021.pdf

PT PLN (Persero), “Rencana Usaha Penyediaan Tenaga listrik (RUPTL) 2021-2030”. Jakarta: PT PLN (Persero), 2021 [Online] https://web.pln.co.id/statics/uploads/2021/10/ruptl-2021-2030.pdf

M. Triani, F. Tanbar, N. Cahyo, R. Sitanggang, D. Sumiarsa & G. L. Utama, “The Potential Implementation of Biomass Co-firing with Coal in Power Plant on Emission and Economic Aspects: A Review,” Eksakta: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 83-94, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.20885/EKSAKTA.vol3.iss2.art4

J. P. Silva, S. Teixeira, E. Grilo, B. Peters & J. C. Teixeira, “Analysis and Monitoring of the Combustion Performance in a Biomass Power Plant,” Cleaner Engineering and Technology, vol. 5, pp. 1-14,2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100334

N. Cahyo, E. Hariyostanto & H. Hariana, “An Evaluation of Co-firing Palm Kernel Shell with Coal on CFB Power plant,” 2022 International Conference on Technology and Policy in Energy and Electric Power (ICT-PEP), pp. 168-173, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1109/ICT-PEP57242.2022.9988937

E. Amirabedin, M. Pooyanfar, M. A. Rahim & H. Topal, “Techno-Environmental Assessment Of Co Gasification Of Low-Grade Turkish Lignite With Biomass In A Trigeneration Power Plant,” Environmental and Climate Technologies, vol. 13, pp. 5-11,2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2014-0001

N. Cahyo, H. H. Alif, I. A. Aditya & H. D. Saksono, “Co-firing characteristics of wood pellets on pulverized coal power plant,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 1098, pp. 1-7, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1098/6/062088

P. Picciano, F. X. Aguilar, D. Burtraw & A. Mirzaee, “Environmental and socio-economic implications of woody biomass co-firing at coal-fired power plants,” Resource and Energy Economics, vol. 68, pp. 1-13, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2022.101296

M. Anshar, A. S. Kader & F. N. Ani, ”The Utilization Potential Of Rice Husk As An Alternative Energy Source For Power Plants In Indonesia,” Advanced Materials Research, vol. 845, pp. 494-498, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.845.494

Y. Yunaidi, F. Surahmanto & S. Harnowo, “The Risk Analysis Of Rice Husk Of Co-Firing Fuel For Boilers In Sugar Mills,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1446, pp. 1-8, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1446/1/012041

R. Prokeš, J. Diviš, J. Ryšavý, L. Jezerská, L. Niedzwiecki, D. P. Vilas, K. Moscicki, A. Mlonka-Medrala, W. Yan, D. Žurovec & J. Cespiva, “Thermomechanical Treatment of SRF for Enhanced Fuel Properties,” Fire, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1-20, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8020057

B. Morrison & J. S. Golden, “Life cycle assessment of co-firing coal and wood pellets in the Southeastern United States,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 150, pp. 188-196, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.026

M. Soleh, A. H. Ahmad, F. B. Juangsa, P. S. Darmanto & A. D. Pasek, “Impact of Different Kinds of Biomass Mixtures on Combustion Performance, Interaction and Synergistic Effects in Cofiring of Coal and Biomass in Steam Power Plants,” Clean Energy, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1136–1147, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkad049

F. Tanbar, N. Cahyo & M. Zahoor, ”Characteristics of Co-firing Solid Recovered Fuel with sub-bituminous Coal on Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plant 300 MWe,” E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 432, pp. 1-8, 2023,  doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343200009

X. Wang, Z. U. Rahman, Z. Lv, Y. Zhu, R. Ruan, S. Deng, L. Zhang & H. Tan, “Experimental Study and Design of Biomass Co-Firing in a Full-Scale Coal-Fired Furnace with Storage Pulverizing System,” Agronomy, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1-11, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040810

A.Sugiyono, I. Febijanto, E. Hilmawan & A. Adiarso, “Potential of biomass and coal co-firing power plants in Indonesia: a PESTEL analysis,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 963, pp. 1-11, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/963/1/012007

H. Hariana, P. Prabowo, E. Hilmawan, F. M. Kuswa, A. Darmawan & M. Aziz, “A comprehensive evaluation of cofiring biomass with coal and slagging-fouling tendency in pulverized coal-fired boilers,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 1-10, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2022.102001

E. Agbor, X. Zhang & A. Kumar, “A Review Of Biomass Co-Firing In North America,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 40, pp. 930-943, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.195

W. M. Griffin, J. Michalek, H. S. Matthews & M. N. Hassan, “Availability of Biomass Residues for Cofiring in Peninsular Malaysia: Implications for Cost and GHG Emissions in the Electricity Sector,” Energies, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 804-823, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en7020804

C. Ndibe, J. Maier & G. Scheffknecht, “Combustion, Co-Firing And Emissions Characteristics Of Torrefied Biomass In A Drop Tube Reactor,” Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 79, pp. 105-115, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.010

B. N. Madanayake, S. Gan, C. Eastwick & H. K. Ng, “Biomass as an energy source in coal cofiring and its feasibility enhancement via pre-treatment techniques,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 159, pp. 287-305, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.01.029

M. V. Gil  & F. Rubiera, “5 - Coal And Biomass Cofiring: Fundamentals And Future Trends,” New Trends in Coal Conversion Combustion Gasification Emissions and Coking, pp. 117-140, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102201-6.00005-4

F. Tanbar, S. Purba, A. S. Samsudin, E. Supriyanto & I. A. Aditya, “Analisa Karakteristik Pengujian Co-Firing Biomassa Sawdust Pada Pltu Type Pulverized Coal Boiler Sebagai Upaya Bauran Renewable Energy,” Offshore Oil Production facilities and Renewable Energy, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 50-56, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.30588/jo.v5i2.928

American Petroleum Institute, “API 510: Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration,” Vol. Ninth Edition, Washington: API Publishing Services, 2006.

A.S. Haqim, W. A. Mohamed & A. S. Tijani, “Performance degradation analysis of a medium pressure superheater due to tube deactivation,” Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 9443-9452, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.17.2.2023.3.0747

M. A. Roni, M. Z. Abedin, S. Islam, M. A. Miah & Z. Ahsan, “Thermodynamic Analysis and Performance Improvement in Biomass Power Plant: A Comprehensive Review,” American Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmme.20240801.11

Y. C. Dwiaji, “Analisis Pengaruh Co-Firing Biomassa Terhadap Kinerja Peralatan Boiler,” Journal of Applied Mechanical Engineering and Renewable Energy (Jamere), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 7-15, 2023, doi:https://doi.org/10.52158/jamere.v3i1.445

K. Darmawan, L. C. Permadi, B. C. Tjiptady, R. F. Meditama, I. M. Fitriani & F. K. Asshidiqi, “Analysis of Heat Rate Co-firing Pacitan PLTU,” G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 410-416, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.70609/gtech.v9i1.6211

S. Białowąs, “Experimental Design and Biometric Research Toward Innovations,” Poznan: PUEB Press, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-079-1

R. Kamel & M. R. Abonazel, “A Simple Introduction to Regression Modeling using R,” Computational Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 52-79, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.21608/cjmss.2023.189834.1002

N. Roustaei, “Application and Interpretation of Linear-regression Analysis,” Medical Hypothesis Discovery and Innovation in Ophthalmology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 151-159, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdiophthal1506

Y. Wang, Y. Sun, L. Jiang, L. Liu & Y. Li, “Characteristics of Corrosion Related to Ash Deposition on Boiler Heating Surface during Cofiring of Coal and Biomass,” Journal of Chemistry, vol. 2020, pp. 1-9, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1692598

Z. Nawaz & U. Ali, “Techno-economic Evaluation of Different Operating Scenarios for Indigenous and Imported Coal Blends and Biomass Co-firing on Supercritical Coal Fired Power Plant Performance,” Energy, vol. 212, pp. 1-13, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118721