International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET International Open Access, Monthly, Peer Reviewed, Reputed Journal ISSN (online): 2581-3048

Impact Factor (2025): 6.9

DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET

Bacteriological Quality of Potable Water Supply at the National University of Samoa

Faainuseiamalie LatuDepartment of Science, National University of Samoa, SamoaPatila AmosaFaculty of Science, National University of Samoa, P.O Box 1622, Apia, SamoaTaema ImoDepartment of Science, National University of Samoa, Samoa

Vol 5 No 3 (2021): Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2021 | Pages: 19-25

International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology

OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 10-03-2021

doi Logo doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2021.503004

pdf iconFull Text PDF
Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the sanitary quality of potable water by estimating the concentration of total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC) bacteria as pollution indicators. All samples from the all sites were found contaminated with total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria and the counts were higher than the maximum microbial contaminant level established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results imply that the reticulated water supply was heavily polluted by bacteria of faecal origin suggesting that this water supply was a potential source of health hazards which is important from a public health perspective.

Keywords

Drinking water, faecal coliforms, contamination, water quality, health, Samoa


Citation of this Article

Faainuseiamalie Latu, Patila Amosa, Taema Imo, “Bacteriological Quality of Potable Water Supply at the National University of Samoa” Published in International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, Volume 5, Issue 3, pp 19-25, March 2021. Article DOI https://doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2021.503004

Licence Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology creative common licence This work is licensed under Creative common Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 Internation Licence
References
  1. Hrudey S.E and Hrudey E.J. “Published case studies of waterborne disease outbreaks-evidence of a recurrent threat”. Water Environ Res., 2007, 79, pp 233-245.
  2. Reynolds K.A, Menda K.D, Gerba C.P. “Risk of waterborne illness via drinking water in the United States”. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2007, 192, pp 117-158.
  3. Jones A.Q, Majowics S.E, Edge V.L, Thomas M.K, MacDougall L, Fyfe M, Atashband S, Kovacs S. “Drinking water consumption patterns in British Columbia: an investigation of associations with demographic factors and acute gastrointestinal illness”. 2007, Sci Total Environ, 388, pp 54-65.
  4. Jackson C. “WHO accuses Samoa of ignoring typhoid”. New Zealand Herald 13 February 2010.http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news, Accessed 17 April 2010.
  5. Black J.G. “Microbiology: Principles and Explorations”. John Wiley and Sons, 2005. NY, pp 1-9.
  6. Davies C.M, Julian A, Long H, Donald M and Ashbolt N.J. “Survival of fecal microorganisms in marine and freshwater sediments”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1995. pp 1888-1896.
  7. APHA, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater – Part 900: Microbial Examination, 1999. American Public Health Association, M
  8. Erman, A. Dilo, and P. Havinga, “A virtual infrastructure based on honeycomb tessellation for data dissemination in multi-sink mobile wireless sensor networks,” EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw., vol. 2012, no. 17, pp. 1–54, 2012.
  9. Kinalis, S. Nikoletseas, D. Patroumpa, and J. Rolim, “Biased sink mobility with adaptive stop times for low latency data collection in sensor networks,” Inf. Fusion, vol. 15, pp. 56–63, Jan. 2014.
  10. W. Khan, A. H. Abdullah, M. H. Anisi, and J. I. Bangash, “A comprehensive study of data collection schemes using mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks,” Sensors, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 2510–2548, 2014.
  11. Nazir and H. Hasbullah, “Mobile sink-based routing protocol (MSRP) for prolonging network lifetime in clustered wireless sensor network,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Comput. Appl. Ind. Electron. (ICCAIE), pp. 624–629, Dec. 2010.
  12. E. B. Hamida and G. Chelius, “Strategies for data dissemination to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 31–37, Dec. 2008.
  13. Chalermek, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin, “Directed diffusion: A scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks,” in Proc. ACM SIGMOBILE Int. Conf. Mobile Computer Network (MOBICOM), pp. 56–67, 2000.
  14. M. Di Francesco, S. K. Das, and G. Anastasi, “Data collection in wireless sensor networks with mobile elements,” ACM Trans. Sensor Netw., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–31, Aug. 2011.
  15. S. R. Gandham, M. Dawande, R. Prakash, and S. Venkatesan, “Energy efficient schemes for wireless sensor networks with multiple mobile base stations,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommun. Conf. (GLOBECOM), vol. 1. pp. 377–381, Dec. 2003.
  16. T. Banerjee, B. Xie, J. H. Jun, and D. P. Agrawal, “Increasing lifetime of wireless sensor networks using controllable mobile cluster heads,” Wireless Commun. Mobile Comput., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 313–336, Mar. 2010.
  17. T.S. Chen, H.-W. Tsai, Y.-H. Chang, and T.-C. Chen, “Geographic converge cast using mobile sink in wireless sensor networks,” Comput. Commun., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 445–458, Feb. 2013.
  18. W. M. Aioffi, C. A. Valle, G. R. Mateus, and A. S. da Cunha, “Balancing message delivery latency and network lifetime through an integrated model for clustering and routing in wireless sensor networks,” Comput. Netw., vol. 55, no. 13, pp. 2803–2820, Sep. 2011.

Copyright @ 2026 IRJIET. All Right Reserved.

Licensed underCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.