International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET International Open Access, Monthly, Peer Reviewed, Reputed Journal ISSN (online): 2581-3048

Impact Factor (2025): 6.9

DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET

Notes on Toxoplasmosis and Brucellosis in Donkeys and Horses in Gadrif Town - Eastern Sudan

Hatim H. A.Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, SudanHosam B. A.Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, SudanEslah A. D.Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, SudanNada E. M.Wad Medani Veterinary Research Laboratory, Gezira State, SudanNagwa E.University of Gadarif, Gadarif State, SudanHamid K.Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Gadarif State, SudanAsjud J.University of Gadarif, Gadarif State, SudanAdil S.University of Bahari, Khartoum, Sudan

Vol 7 No 8 (2023): Volume 7, Issue 8, August 2023 | Pages: 83-87

International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology

OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 24-08-2023

doi Logo doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2023.708011

pdf iconFull Text PDF
Abstract

This study was carried out to estimate the seroprevalence rate of Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella antibodies in the donkeys and horses located in Gadarif State in May 2021.  A total of one hundred and seventy (170) random blood samples were collected from donkeys and forty one (41) blood samples were collected from horses, of different ages and sexes ,however latex agglutination test and Rose Bengal test was used to estimates the antibodies. Analysis was made using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The present study revealed overall seroprevalence rate of toxoplasmosis as31.2%, however the findings concluded that rates of 11.2%, 12.9% and 7.1% in less than seven years, seven to ten years and over ten years. The estimated overall Brucella seroprevalence rate was 24 %. The in donkeys less than seven years and more than ten years among the different screened age group of donkeys showed 6.7 %. 5.3% which is less than age group seven to ten years. The southern areas showed the highest rates of infection in the studied areas, mean while the most infection was reported among the donkeys which were used for water transfer purpose.

Keywords

Toxoplasmosis, Brucellosis, Donkeys, Horses, Eastern Sudan


Citation of this Article

Hatim H. A., Hosam B. A., Eslah A. D., Nada E. M., Nagwa E., Hamid K., Asjud J., Adil S., “Notes on Toxoplasmosis and Brucellosis in Donkeys and Horses in Gadrif Town - Eastern Sudan” Published in International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, Volume 7, Issue 8, pp 83-87, August 2023. Article DOI https://doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2023.708011

Licence Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology creative common licence This work is licensed under Creative common Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 Internation Licence
References
  1. Abdel Hafez, A. A. (2013). Epidemiological study on Toxoplasma gondii infection in Beja sheep in The Red Sea State, Sudan. PhD thesis, Sudan academy of Science. Acad Sci., 147: 763-6.
  2. Abdel-Hameed A (1991).Sero-epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Gezira, Sudan. Journal of Trop. Med. And Hyg. (94):329-32.
  3. Atail,H., B.; I brahaem, H.H.; SHuaib, Y.A.; Mohamed, A.K.; Suliman, S.E.; I drisand, S.H. and Abdalla, M.A. (2017). Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosisin sheep and goats in El Gadarif state. JAVAR Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 4(2):207-21
  4. Abdalla .Mohamed. Ibrahim, A.A. Isamail, Tamador E.E. Angara, M.O. Osman, Sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in Khartoum state, Sudan, in: Proceedings of ICOPHAI Conference, Brazil, and August 14-17, 2013.
  5. Alton, G.G.; Jones, L. M; Angus, R.D. and Verger, J.M. (1988). Laboratory techniques in brucellosis. National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, France.
  6. Anon. (2020). Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries. Khartoum, Sudan.
  7. Cohen, N.D., Carter, G.K. and McMullan, W.C. (1992) Fistulous   withers in horses: 24 cases (1984-1990). J. Am. vet. med. Ass.201, 121-124.
  8. Corbel, M. J. (2006).Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland. pp: 89.
  9. Dubey J. P., Thulliez P., Romand S., Kwok O. C., Shen S. K., and Gamble H. R.. Serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in horses slaughtered for food in North America. Veterinary parasitology. 1999; 86(4): 235-238.
  10. Elnahas A; Gerais AS, Elbashir MI, Eldien ES, Adam I (2003). Toxoplasmosis in pregnant Sudanese women. Saudi Med. J. 24(7): 868-70.
  11. El-Ghaysh, Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Egyptian donkeys using ELISA, Veterinary Parasitology 80 (1998) 71-73.
  12. Hamza Khaled Salaheddine Merdja1 Ismail Lafri Mohammed Besbaci Mohammed Douifi Abdallah (2019). Serological Evidence of Glanders and Brucellosis in Equines in the North-East of Algeria Journal of Applied Biological Sciences.
  13. Khalil, M. K. and Elrayah, I. E. (2011).Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in farm animals (camels, cattle, and sheep) in Sudan. Journal of Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 3(3), pp. 36-39.
  14. huzaima Babiker Adam1 , Hatim Hamad Ibrahaem, Yassir Adam Shuaib, Saad El-Tiab Mohamed-Noor, Ali Abdelgani Elgadal, Mohamed Taha Shigidi, Abdel Hafeez Hassan Nimir(2017) Sero-Prevalence of Anti-Brucella Antibodies in Goats in El-Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan ARC Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Volume 4, Issue 1, PP 1-8 ISSN No. (Online) 2455-2518.
  15. Kathy, M and Ali, Z. (2004). Gender issues in donkey use in rural Ethiopia.
  16. J. 5, 121-125.unqueira DG, Dorneles SEM, Santana JA, Almeida VMA, Nicolino RR, Silva MX, Mota ALAA, Veloso FP, Stynen APR, Heinemann MB, Lage AP (2015) Brucellosis in working equines of cattle farms from Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 121: 380-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.06.008.
  17. Kumaragurubaran Karthik1, Govinthasamy Prabakar, Ramasamy Bharathi, Sandip Kumar Khurana and Kuldeep Dhama Equine brucellosis : (2016). Review and epidemiology, pathogenesis. Clinical signs, prevention and control Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, December - 2016; Volume – 4(Spl-4-EHIDZ).
  18. Mohamed, J.A.; Abdalatif, Y.M.; Ibrahaem, H.H.; Idris, S.H. and Abdalla, M.A. (2017). Prevalence of Camels Toxoplasmosis in Gedarif State Eastern Sudan. Sch. J. Agric. Vet. Sci., 2017; 4(4):132-137.
  19. Mohammed Abdalkarim Abdalla, Enaam Mohamed El-Sanousi, Yassir Adam Shuaib, Hatim Hamad Ibrahaem,Khalid Musa Fadle-Al-Mola, Saad El-Tiab Mohamed-Noor, Siham Elias Suliman3, Salah Hassan Idrisand Mohamed Abdelsalam Abdalla. Sero-Prevalence of Brucellosis in Sheep in El-Gadarif State EC Veterinary Science 4.1 (2019): 15-19.
  20. Mahasin Mohammed Ahmed1, Hatim Hamad Ibrahaem, Yassir Adam Shuaib, Ali Abdelgani Elgadal, Mohamed Taha Shigidi( 2017)Sero-Prevalence of Anti-Brucella Antibodies in Camels in El-Gedarif State: A Short Communication. Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences e-ISSN 2348–1854 Sch J Agric Vet Sci; 4(11):461-463.
  21. J.P. Dubey, P. Thulliez, S. Romand, O.C. Kwok, S.K. Shen, H.R. Gamble, Serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in horses slaughtered for food in North America, Veterinary Parasitology 86 (4) (1999) 235-238.
  22. A.A. Ghazy, R.M. Shaapan, E.H. Abdel-Rahman, Comparative serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in horses using locally isolated Toxoplasma gondii, Veterinary Parasitology 145 (2007) 31-36.
  23. Siddig. A. B. (2010). Study on Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Cats in the Red Sea State, Sudan M.Sc. Thesis SUST.
  24. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int. J. Parasitol. 2000; 30: 1217-1258.
  25. Musa MT (2004). A Serological Study on Equine Brucellosis in Darfur, Western Sudan. The Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research 19: 7-11.
  26. Nathaniel, J., Kalla, D.J.U., Mai, H.M.,  Ibrahim,Y., Mujitaba, M.A., Amaduruonye, W., 1Akinsola, K.L., Obasi, E.N. and  Suleiman, Y( 2019) Seroprevalence of brucellosis in donkeys (Equus asinus) and assessment of donkey management practices in Gamawa local government area, Bauchi state, Nigeria .Nigerian J. Anim. Sci., 21 (3): 134-144.
  27. Najat Abdalla Mohamed Ahmed Sowar (2006).investigation of parsites on working donkeys in Khartoum state sudan , A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Tropical Animal Health.
  28. Ocholi RA, Bertu WJ, Kwaga JK, Ajogi I, Bale JO, Okpara J (2004). Carpal bursitis associated with Brucella abortus in a horse in Nigeria. Veterinary Record 155: 566-567.
  29. Rashmir-Raven, A., Gaughan, E.M., Modransky, P. (1990) Fistulouwithers. Comp. cont. Educ. pract. Vet. 12, 1633-1641.
  30. Tahamtan Y, Namavari MM, Mohammadi G, Jula GM (2010) Prevalence of Brucellosis in Horse North-East of Iran. Journal of Equine Veterinary Sciences 30: 376-78. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2010.05.007
  31. Safirullah, Anwar K, Abdur-Raziq, Shahid M, Raza S, Khan N, Amin Y (2014) Epidemiological Study of Brucellosis in Equines of District Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 3: 795-800.
  32. Svendsen, E.D. (1997). Parasites abroad the professional Handbook of the donkey 3rd edition pp 166 – 182 Whittet books limited 18 Anley Road London w 14 OBY pp. 166 – 182.
  33. Sadiq MA, Tijjani AN, Auwal MS, Mustapha AR, Tijjani AO, Gulani I, Mohammed A (2013) Prevalence of Brucella antibodies in donkeys (Equus asinus) in Borno and Yobe states, Nigeria. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 11: 7– 12. DOI: 10.4314/sokjvs.v11i1.2.
  34. Starkey, P. and Starkey, M. (2004).Regional and world trends in donkey populations. In: P. Starkey and D. Fielding (eds), Donkeys, people and development. A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA), (ACP-EUTechnical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen,The Netherlands), http:// www. atnesa.org/donkeys-starkey-populations.pdf,retrieved 2010-08-19.
  35. Trinchese, G., Cavaliere, G., Berni, C. R.,Matamoros, S., Bergamo, P., De-Filippo, C., Aceto, S., Gaita, M., Cerino, P., Negri, R., Greco, L., Cani, P. D. and Mollica, M. P. (2015). Human, donkey and cow milk differently affects energy efficiency and inflammatory state by modulating mitochondrial function and gutmicrobiota. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 26:1136-46.
  36. Shadia Mohamed Ahmed , Abdalla Mohamed Ibrahim , Nabaa Kamal Alshafie , Rabab Haroun Mohammed , Ahmed Ali Ismail2 and Tamador Elkhansa Elnour Angara (2013) The First Report on Sero-Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Working Horses and Donkeys in the Sudan Vol. 7, No. 12, pp. 1284-1287 Journal of Life Sciences, ISSN 1934-7391, USA.
  37. Zein Eldin, E. A.; Elkhawad, S. E. and Kheir, H. S. M. (1985). A serological Survey for Toxoplasma antibodies in cattle, sheep, goats and camels (Camelusdromedaries) in the Sudan. Rev. Elv. Med. Vet. Paystrop., 38(3): 247-249.

Copyright @ 2026 IRJIET. All Right Reserved.

Licensed underCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.