International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET International Open Access, Monthly, Peer Reviewed, Reputed Journal ISSN (online): 2581-3048

Impact Factor (2025): 6.9

DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET

Phytochemical Screening, Determination of Some Chemical Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Cassia Occidentalis (Senna coffee) (Whole plant) Found in Shelleng Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Alexander, PriscillaDepartment of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Adamawa State University, PMB 25, Mubi, Adamawa State, NigeriaTitus, AnbomutuntyaPrimary Health Care Development Authority Shelleng, Adamawa state, NigeriaHassan Wafi GarbaDepartment of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Adamawa State University, PMB 25, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Vol 8 No 11 (2024): Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2024 | Pages: 251-259

International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology

OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 02-12-2024

doi Logo doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2024.811032

pdf iconFull Text PDF
Abstract

This study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, some chemical compounds and anti-microbial activities of Cassia occidentalis Roots, leaf, and seed found in Shelleng Local Government Area Adamawa State, Nigeria. The phytochemicals were extracted and analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the patent minerals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES). The patent vitamins and proximate composition were analyzed using the standard methods. The results of the phytochemical constituents revealed the, presences of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and phenols with phenols having the highest concentration.  The result of the proximate analyses showed that the plant has rich and good nutritional values having high carbohydrate contents, fiber and protein. Total ash content, fats and moisture were present in good amount. The result of the Patent vitamins revealed the presences of vitamin A, C, B6, B12 and K in the plant, with high concentration of vitamins A and C recorded in leave and seed, however, vitamin K was not detected. The result obtained revealed that Cassia occidetalis plant is rich in minerals. The following minerals were present K, P, Ca, Zn, Mn and Mg, with K, P and Ca recorded the highest concentration in the leave, seed and root. Other minerals such as Zn, Na, Fe, Cu, Mg and Mn are present in good amount and contributed to the nutritional values of the plant. The zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The antimicrobial screening indicated that all the extracts exhibited different activity against different microbes. However, the results of this study showed that the extract of Cassia occidentalis plant could be potent in inhibition of the studied microorganisms and also the plant has good secondary metabolites. More research effort should be directed onto this species, in order to further validate many claims on the species. Research to be conducted on Cassia occidentalis to ascertained the level of its toxicity.

Keywords

Phytochemical constituents, chemical compounds, antimicrobial activity, Cassia occidentalis, Shelleng, Adamawa, Nigeria


Citation of this Article

Alexander, Priscilla, Titus, Anbomutuntya, & Hassan Wafi Garba. (2024). Phytochemical Screening, Determination of Some Chemical Compounds and Antimicrobial Activity of Cassia Occidentalis (Senna coffee) (Whole plant) Found in Shelleng Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, 8(11), 251-259. Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2024.811032
Licence Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology creative common licence This work is licensed under Creative common Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 Internation Licence
References
  1. WHO 2008. World Health Organization. Fact Sheet. No: 134.
  2. Tamasi A.A, Shoge M.O, T.T. Adegboyega T.T, Chukwuma E.C (2021) Phytochemical analysis and in-vitro antimicrobial screening of the leaf  extract of Senna occidentalis (Fabaceae) ASIAN  J  NA T PROD BIOCH EM Volume 19, Number 2, E-ISSN: 2580-2550 Pages: 58-65.
  3. Madhulika, A., &Ajit, K. (2019). In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of plant extracts against human cancer cell lines and bacterial strains. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 13(3), 111-121.
  4. Gebrelibanos, M., & Taddese, S. (2021).Taxonomy and distribution of Senna species (Fabaceae) in tropical regions: An updated review. Journal of Plant Research, 134(2), 309-325.
  5. Odeja, A., Nguemfo, E. K., &Ntoh, M. (2020). Phytotherapy and ethno botanical uses of Cassia species: An update on medicinal applications and efficacy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 258, 112928.
  6. Barbosa-Ferreira, M., Silva, J., & Silva, A. (2019).Agricultural practices and management of Cassia species in tropical regions. Field Crops Research, 233, 97-104.
  7. Bekele, T., & Reddy, M. V. (2021).Comparative phytochemical analysis of Cassia species: A review. International Journal of Phytochemistry, 16(3), 115-130.
  8. Bekele G., and Reddy P. R., (2015). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments by Guji Oromo tribes in Abaya District, Borana, Oromia, Ethiopia. Universal J Plant Sci 3 (1): 1-8.
  9. Abdul Z., Dimas K., Sunday A. O., Isyaka M. S. and Sa’id J. A. (2015). Quantitative Investigation of phytochemicals and brine shrimp lethality test of the root, stem bark and leave extract of Isoberliandoka. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 3(3):36-38.
  10. Akinmoladun, Afolabi O., & Akinmoladun, Foluke I. (2019). The antimicrobial potential of Cassia occidentalis L. against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(5), 1004-1010.
  11. Akinmoladun, Afolabi, I., & Akanji, M. A. (2021). Ethnopharmacological uses and pharmacological activities of Senna species: A comprehensive review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 271, 113735.
  12. AOAC (2015). Association of official analytical chemists.18thed.official methods of analysis. Washington d.c.
  13. AOAC (2020). Association of official analytical chemists.18th ed. official methods of analysis. Washington d.c.
  14. AOAC International. (2019). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International (21st ed.). AOAC International.
  15. AOAC, (2000): Official methods of Analysis of Association of Analytical Chemists. AOAC International, 18th ed; Horrowitz, W.(ed) vol 1 & 2, AOAC International Maryland, USA pp 774-784.
  16. Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Wu YT, Cheng CP, Chen HC, Huang YC, (2017). "Effects of protein supplementation combined     with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 106 (4): 1078–91.
  17. Aja P. M., Onuoha M. C., Okohu M. O., Ibere J. B., and Ugwu O. C., (2017). Mineral and Proximate Composition of Sennaoccidentalis Leaves, IDSOR Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(1): 59-74.
  18. Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Chen, J., & Liu, X. (2021). Polyphenols: A review of their potential health benefits and mechanisms of action. Journal of Functional Foods, 80, 104482.
  19. Kwubile, O. I., Okonkwo, M. O., & Nnamdi, N. (2022). Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of Cassia occidentalis leaf extracts: Efficacy against pathogenic microorganisms and comparison with standard drugs. Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biochemistry, 16(3), 410-425.
  20. Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Chen, J., & Liu, X. (2021). Polyphenols: A review of their potential health benefits and mechanisms of action. Journal of Functional Foods, 80, 104482.
  21. Omikhoje, Odesina B.O, Ibrahim S.A. (2018) Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity and quantity estimates of bioactive compounds in extract of Holarrhea Floribunda. Journal of chemical society of Nigeria vol. 43, no 3.
  22. Singh, D., & Kumar, P. (2016). Antibacterial and antifungal activities of methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. leaves. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 6(10), 152-159.
  23. Singh, N., Patel, S., & Mishra, A. (2021).Comprehensive review on the phytochemical and pharmacological profiles of Cassia species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 281, 114577.
  24. Innocent Izuchukwu, U. C., K. O., and Onyekachi E. O., (2022). Phytochemical and vitamin constituents of Senna occidentalis Linn (UzakiMma).GSC Advanced.
  25. Bekele, T., & Reddy, M. V. (2022).Climate-dependent variability in the phytochemical composition of Coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis). Journal of Plant Studies, 14(4), 89-103.
  26. Brown, M., & Green, D. (2023). Nitrogen and Beyond: Essential Elements in Protein Composition. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 298(12), 1132-1140.
  27. Lee, A., & Chen, Y. (2024). The Diverse Roles of Proteins: Hormones, Enzymes, and Immunoglobulins. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 49(1), 53-68.
  28. Blaner W. S., (2020). "Vitamin A". In BP Marriott, D. F., Birt, V. A., Stallings, and A. A., Yates (eds.). Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleve.
  29. Liao CD, Tsauo JY, Wu YT, Cheng CP, Chen HC, Huang YC, (2017). "Effects of protein supplementation combined     with resistance exercise on body composition and physical function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 106 (4): 1078–91.
  30. Wu, L., Guo, X., Wang, W., Medeiros, D. M., Clarke, S. L., Lucas, E. A., Smith, B. J., and Lin, D. (2016). "Molecular aspects of β, β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase 2 in carotenoid metabolism and diseases". Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 241 (17): 1879–87.
  31. Ezekiel Tagwi Williams, Nachana’a Timothy and Umar Abdulkadir Tugga (2019). Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Cassia occidentalis Seeds. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review 27(3): 1-8, 2019; Article no.IJBCRR.51327 ISSN: 2231-086X, NLM ID: 101654445.
  32. Weaver, C. M., & Dwyer, J. (2020). Potassium, magnesium, and calcium: Interplay between Dietary Sodium and Bone Health. Nutrients, 12(9), 2611.
  33. Yeh, Tian-Shin, Y., Changzheng, A., Rosner A., Bernard, A., Walter C., and Blacker, D., (2021). "Long-term Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Subjective Cognitive Decline in US Men and Women". Neurology. 97 (10): e1041–e1056.
  34. Barbie Cervoni M. S., Riteesha and G., Reddy. (2022) Health benefits of calcium pros and cons of the bone health supplement.
  35. Bagega, A.I., Usman, A.A., Dankaka, S.M., Amina, M., Amina, M. and Mani, A.U. (2018). Antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Cassia occidentalis leaf extract on Salmonella typhimurium. Bioremediation Science and Technology Research, 6 (2): 5-8. https://journal.hibiscuspublisher.com/index.php/BSTR.
  36. Mak, Y. W., Chuah, L. O., Ahmad, R., & Bhat, R. (2013). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and Cassia (Sennabicapsularis L.) flower extracts. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 25(4), 275-282.
  37. Ndarubu, A. J., Okafor, C. M., & Nwankwo, I. A. (2021).Antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of Cassia occidentalis leaf extracts. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 15(6), 230-239.

Copyright @ 2026 IRJIET. All Right Reserved.

Licensed underCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.