International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET International Open Access, Monthly, Peer Reviewed, Reputed Journal ISSN (online): 2581-3048

Impact Factor (2025): 6.9

DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET

A Review on Thermodynamic Modeling and Optimization Strategies for Thermal Management in Electric Vehicle Batteries

Ajay Haribhau JadhavProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahavir Polytechnic Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Vol 8 No 12 (2024): Volume 8, Issue 12, December 2024 | Pages: 175-182

International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology

OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 30-12-2024

doi Logo doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2024.812026

pdf iconFull Text PDF
Abstract

Conventional fuels operated an internal combustion engines are the major sources of carbon emissions and it causes environmental degradation. Electric vehicles (EVs) offers best efficient and cost effective solution for the above said issue. By year 2030 the world is aiming to shift to electric vehicles and one of the hurdles in the path is thermal management in the battery. This study aims to evaluate the performance of popular cooling methods thermodynamically. Lithium –ion batteries are the most commonly used battery type in commercial electric vehicles due to their high energy densities and ability to be repeatedly charged and discharged over many cycles. In order to maximize the efficiency of a li-ion battery pack, a stable temperature range between 15oC to 35oC must be maintained.  Battery thermal management system (BTMS) plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance, safety and lifespan of electric vehicle batteries by maintaining optimal temperature conditions. This paper reviews how heat is generated across a li-ion cell as well as the current research work being done on the four main battery thermal management types which include air-cooled, liquid-cooled, phase change material based and thermo-electric based systems. Additionally, the strengths and weaknesses of each battery thermal management type is reviewed in this study. It was determined that air cooled systems are suited for short-distance travel electric vehicles, liquid cooled are for electric vehicles that require long-distance travel, larger battery packs and for high thermal loads, phase change material based are for electric vehicles with constant thermal loads and stable ambient temperatures and thermo-electric battery thermal management systems are best suited in conjunction with the other types for better control. 

Keywords

Battery thermal management, Electric vehicle, air cooling, liquid cooling, PCM cooling, thermo-electric


Citation of this Article

Ajay Haribhau Jadhav. (2024). A Review on Thermodynamic Modeling and Optimization Strategies for Thermal Management in Electric Vehicle Batteries. International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, 8(12), 175-182. Article DOI https://doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2024.812026

Licence Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology creative common licence This work is licensed under Creative common Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 Internation Licence
References
  1. Leonardo P, Gül T. Electric cars fend off supply challenges to more than double global sales. Int Energy Agency 2022;1.
  2. Krishna G. Understanding and identifying barriers to electric vehicle adoption through thematic analysis. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 2021;10:100364.
  3. Das, H.S., Rahman, M.M., Li, S., Tan, C.W. 2020. Electric vehicles standards, charging infrastructure, and impact on grid integration: A technological review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 120, 109618.
  4. Tikadar, A., Johnston, D., Kumar, N., Joshi, Y., Kumar, S. 2021. Comparison of electro-thermal performance of advanced cooling techniques for electric vehicle motors. Applied Thermal Engineering, 183, 116182.
  5. University B. BU-502: Discharging at high and low temperatures. Batter Portable World 2021;1.
  6. Lucia Ianniciello PA. Electric vehicles batteries thermal management systems employing phase change materials. J Power Sources 2018;378:383–403.
  7. Panchal S, Pierre V, Cancian M, Gross O, Estefanous F, Badawy T. Development and validation of cycle and calendar aging model for 144ah NMC/Graphite Battery at multi temperatures, dods, and C-rates. 2023.
  8. Shahjalal M, Shams T, Islam ME, Alam W, Modak M, Hossain SB, Ramadesigan V, Ahmed MR, Ahmed H, Iqbal A. A review of thermal management for Li-ion batteries: Prospects, challenges, and issues. J Energy Storage 2021;39:102518.
  9. Weng J, Ouyang D, Yang X, Chen M, Zhang G, Wang J. Optimization of the internal fin in a phase-change-material module for battery thermal management. ApplThermEng 2020;167:114698.
  10. Akbarzadeh M, Kalogiannis T, Jaguemont J, Jin L, Behi H, Karimi D, Beheshti H, Van Mierlo J, Berecibar M. A comparative study between air cooling and liquid cooling thermal management systems for a high-energy lithium-ion battery module.ApplThermEng 2021;198:117503.
  11. Peng Y, Yang L, Ju X, Liao B, Ye K, Li L, Cao B, Ni Y. A comprehensive investigation on the thermal and toxic hazards of large format lithium-ion batteries with LiFePO4 cathode. J Hard Mater 2020;381:120916.
  12. Joybari MM, Haghighat F, Seddegh S, Al-Abidi AA. Heat transfer enhancement of phase change materials by fins under simultaneous charging and discharging. Energy Convers Manage 2017;152:136 56.
  13. Gilart P, Martinez A, Barriuso M, Martinez C. Development of PCM/carbonbased composite materials. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2012;107:205–11.
  14. Biswas K, Lu J, Soroushian P, Shrestha S. Combined experimental and numerical evaluation of a prototype nano-PCM enhanced wallboard. Appl Energy 2014;131:517–29.
  15. Kim J, Oh J, Lee H. Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles. ApplThermEng 2019;149:192–212.
  16. Westbrook MH. The electric car: development and future of battery, hybrid and fuel-cell cars. Energy engineering, Institution of Engineering and Technology; 2001.
  17. Arasu M, Ahmed Q, Rizzoni G. Optimizing battery cooling system for a range extended electric truck. 2019.
  18. Chang Y-W, Chang C-C, Ke M-T, Chen S-L.Thermoelectric air-cooling module for electronic devices.ApplThermEng 2009;29(13):2731–7.
  19. Lyu Y, Siddique A, Majid S, Biglarbegian M, Gadsden S, Mahmud S. Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling. Energy Rep 2019;5:822–7.
  20. Ling Z, Zhang Z, Shi G, Fang X, Wang L, Gao X, Fang Y, Xu T, Wang S, Liu X. Review on thermal management systems using phase change materials for electronic components, Li-ion batteries and photovoltaic modules. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;31:427–38.
  21. Engineer CF. Battery cooling techniques in electric vehicle. 2022, p. 1.
  22. Pesaran A, Kim GH. Battery thermal management system design modeling. 2006.
  23. Han T, Yen C-H, Khalighi B, Kaushik S. Li-ion battery pack thermal management: Liquid vs air cooling. J ThermSciEngAppl 2018;11.
  24. Deng Y, Feng C, E J, Zhu H, Chen J, Wen M, Yin H. Effects of different coolants and cooling strategies on the cooling performance of the power lithium ion battery system: A review. Appl Therm Eng 2018;142:10–29.
  25. Roe C, Feng X, White G, Li R, Wang H, Rui X, Li C, Zhang F, Null V, Parkes M, Patel Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Ouyang M, Offer G, Wu B. Immersion cooling for lithium-ion batteries – A review. J Power Sources 2022;525:231094.
  26. Pambudi NA, Sarifudin A, Firdaus RA, Ulfa DK, Gandidi IM, Romadhon R. The immersion cooling technology: Current and future development in energy saving. Alex Eng J 2022;61(12):9509–27.
  27. Suresh Patil M, Seo J-H, Lee M-Y. A novel dielectric fluid immersion cooling technology for Li-ion battery thermal management. Energy Convers Manage 2021;229:113715.
  28. Huo, Y.; Rao, Z.; Liu, X.; Zhao, J. Investigation of power battery thermal management by using mini-channel cold plate. Energy Convers.Manag.2015, 89, 387–395.
  29. Deng, T.; Zhang, G.; Ran, Y. Study on thermal management of rectangular Li-ion battery with serpentine-channel cold plate. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2018, 125, 143–152.
  30. Zhou, H.; Zhou, F.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, Q.; Song, Z. Thermal management of cylindrical lithium-ion battery based on a liquid cooling method with half-helical duct. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2019, 162, 114257.
  31. Jin, L.W.; Lee, P.S.; Kong, X.X.; Fan, Y.; Chou, S.K. Ultra-thin minichannel LCP for EV battery thermal management. Appl. Energy 2014, 113, 1786–1794.
  32. Krüger, I.L.; Limperich, D.; Schmitz, G. Energy Consumption Of Battery Cooling In Hybrid Electric Vehicles. In Proceedings of the International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference, Purdue, IN, USA, 16–19 July 2012; pp. 1–10.
  33. Thakur, A.K.; Prabakaran, R.; Elkadeem, M.R.; Sharshir, S.W.; Arıcı, M.; Wang, C.; Zhao, W.; Hwang, J.Y.; Saidur, R. A state of art review and future viewpoint on advance cooling techniques for Lithium-ion battery system of electric vehicles. J. Energy Storage 2020, 32, 101771.
  34. Faraj K, Khaled M, Faraj J, Hachem F, Castelain C. A review on phase change materials for thermal energy storage in buildings: Heating and hybrid applications. J Energy Storage 2021;33:101913.
  35. Liu C, Xu D, Weng J, Zhou S, Li W, Wan Y, Jiang S, Zhou D, Wang J, Huang Q. Phase change materials application in battery thermal management system: A review. Materials 2020;13:4622.
  36. Abdulateef AM, Mat S, Abdulateef J, Sopian K, Al-Abidi AA. Geometric and design parameters of fins employed for enhancing thermal energy storage systems: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2018;82:1620–35.
  37. Liu H, Wei Z, He W, Zhao J. Thermal issues about Li-ion batteries and recent progress in battery thermal management systems: A review. Energy Convers Manage 2017;150:304–30.
  38. Jaguemont J, Omar N, Van den Bossche P, Mierlo J. Phase-change materials (PCM) for automotive applications: A review. Appl Therm Eng 2018;132:308–20.
  39. Ling Z, Li S, Cai C, Lin S, Fang X, Zhang Z. Battery thermal management based on multiscale encapsulated inorganic phase change material of high stability. Appl Therm Eng 2021;193:117002.
  40. Siddique ARM, Mahmud S, Heyst BV. A comprehensive review on a passive (phase change materials) and an active (thermoelectric cooler) battery thermal management system and their limitations. J Power Sources 2018;401:224–37.

Copyright @ 2026 IRJIET. All Right Reserved.

Licensed underCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.