International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET International Open Access, Monthly, Peer Reviewed, Reputed Journal ISSN (online): 2581-3048

Impact Factor (2025): 6.9

DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET

Antimicrobial Applications of Metal Nanoparticles in Medicine and Dentistry: Mechanisms, Current Uses, and Future Perspectives: A Comprehensive Review

Brian Hanjoong KimSchool of Graduate Studies, Rutgers University - Biomedical & Health Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue - C696 Newark, NJ 07039, USA & Plamica Labs, Batten Hall, 125 Western Ave, Allston, MA 02163, USAJiyoo ChoiPlamica Labs, Batten Hall, 125 Western Ave, Allston, MA 02163, USASualeha ZulfiqarSinai Hospital of Baltimore, 2401 W. Belvedere Ave, Baltimore, MD 21215, USA

Vol 9 No 3 (2025): Volume 9, Issue 3, March 2025 | Pages: 117-133

International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology

OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 15-03-2025

doi Logo doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2025.903015

pdf iconFull Text PDF
Abstract

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance necessitates innovative strategies to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Metal nanoparticles, including silver, gold, copper, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and magnesium oxide, have emerged as promising antimicrobial agents due to their broad-spectrum efficacy. These nanoparticles exhibit unique mechanisms of action, including microbial membrane disruption, oxidative stress induction through reactive oxygen species generation, and biofilm inhibition. Consequently, metal nanoparticles are increasingly incorporated into medical and dental applications, including wound dressings, surgical instruments, implant coatings, and restorative dental materials, to enhance sterility and reduce microbial colonization. Despite their advantages, challenges such as cytotoxicity, potential immune response activation, and environmental impact must be addressed to optimize their clinical use. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of metal nanoparticles applications in medicine and dentistry, discussing their mechanisms, current clinical applications, and future prospects.

Keywords

Metal nanoparticles, Antimicrobial resistance, Medical application, Dental application, Nanotechnology


Citation of this Article

Brian Hanjoong Kim, Jiyoo Choi, & Sualeha Zulfiqar. (2025). Antimicrobial Applications of Metal Nanoparticles in Medicine and Dentistry: Mechanisms, Current Uses, and Future Perspectives: A Comprehensive Review. International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, 9(3), 117-133. Article DOI https://doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2025.903015

Licence Copyright (c) 2026 International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology creative common licence This work is licensed under Creative common Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 Internation Licence
References
  1. M. A. Salam et al., “Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health,” Jul. 01, 2023, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390/healthcare11131946.
  2. G. E. Yılmaz, I. Göktürk, M. Ovezova, F. Yılmaz, S. Kılıç, and A. Denizli, “Antimicrobial Nanomaterials: A Review,” Hygiene, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 269–290, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/hygiene3030020.
  3. World Health Organization, “Global Priority List of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics,” Geneva, Switzerland, 2017.
  4. E. Sánchez-López et al., “Metal-based nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: An overview,” Nanomaterials, vol. 10, no. 2, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/nano10020292.
  5. V. Mody, R. Siwale, A. Singh, and H. Mody, “Introduction to metallic nanoparticles,” J Pharm Bioallied Sci, vol. 2, no. 4, p. 282, 2010, doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.72127.
  6. K. K. Harish, V. Nagasamy, B. Himangshu, and K. Anuttam, “Metallic Nanoparticle: A Review,” Biomed J Sci &Tech Res, vol. 4, no. 2, 2018, doi: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.04.001011.
  7. B. Klębowski, J. Depciuch, M. Parlińska-Wojtan, and J. Baran, “Applications of noble metal-based nanoparticles in medicine,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 19, no. 12, Dec. 2018, doi: 10.3390/ijms19124031.
  8. N. Wang, J. Y. H. Fuh, S. T. Dheen, and A. Senthil Kumar, “Functions and applications of metallic and metallic oxide nanoparticles in orthopedic implants and scaffolds,” J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 160–179, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.34688.
  9. P. Xiong et al., “Cytotoxicity of Metal-Based Nanoparticles: From Mechanisms and Methods of Evaluation to Pathological Manifestations,” May 01, 2022, John Wiley and Sons Inc. doi: 10.1002/advs.202106049.
  10. A.Manke, L. Wang, and Y. Rojanasakul, “Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity,” Biomed Res Int, vol. 2013, pp. 1–15, 2013, doi: 10.1155/2013/942916.
  11. N. Mamidi and J. F. Flores Otero, “Metallic and carbonaceous nanoparticles for dentistry applications,” Curr Opin Biomed Eng, vol. 25, p. 100436, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100436.
  12. I.Khan, K. Saeed, and I. Khan, “Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 908–931, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.011.
  13. S. Wahab, A. Salman, Z. Khan, S. Khan, C. Krishnaraj, and S. Il Yun, “Metallic Nanoparticles: A Promising Arsenal against Antimicrobial Resistance—Unraveling Mechanisms and Enhancing Medication Efficacy,” Oct. 01, 2023, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390/ijms241914897.
  14. L. Wang, C. Hu, and L. Shao, “The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles: Present situation and prospects for the future,” Int J Nanomedicine, vol. 12, pp. 1227–1249, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.2147/IJN.S121956.
  15. W. Pajerski et al., “Attachment efficiency of gold nanoparticles by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains governed by surface charges,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 21, no. 8, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11051-019-4617-z.
  16. S. Normani, N. Dalla Vedova, G. Lanzani, F. Scotognella, and G. M. Paternò, “Bringing the interaction of silver nanoparticles with bacteria to light,” Jun. 01, 2021, American Institute of Physics. doi: 10.1063/5.0048725.
  17. M. Ohgaki, T. Kizuki, M. Katsura, and K. Yamashita, “Manipulation of selective cell adhesion and growth by surface charges of electrically polarized hydroxyapatite,” J Biomed Mater Res, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 366–373, Dec. 2001, doi: 10.1002/1097-4636(20011205)57:33.0.CO;2-X.
  18. E. Z. Gomaa, “Silver nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent: A case study on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as models for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,” J Gen Appl Microbiol, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 36–43, 2017, doi: 10.2323/jgam.2016.07.004.
  19. A.Ivask et al., “Toxicity Mechanisms in Escherichia coli Vary for Silver Nanoparticles and Differ from Ionic Silver,” ACS Nano, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 374–386, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1021/nn4044047.
  20. M. A. Quinteros, V. CanoAristizábal, P. R. Dalmasso, M. G. Paraje, and P. L. Páez, “Oxidative stress generation of silver nanoparticles in three bacterial genera and its relationship with the antimicrobial activity,” Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 36, pp. 216–223, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.08.007.
  21. Y. N. Slavin, J. Asnis, U. O. Häfeli, and H. Bach, “Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity,” J Nanobiotechnology, vol. 15, no. 1, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1186/s12951-017-0308-z.
  22. A.F. Seixas, A. P. Quendera, J. P. Sousa, A. F. Q. Silva, C. M. Arraiano, and J. M. Andrade, “Bacterial Response to Oxidative Stress and RNA Oxidation,” Front Genet, vol. 12, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.821535.
  23. A.A. Dayem et al., “The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the biological activities of metallic nanoparticles,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 18, no. 1, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.3390/ijms18010120.
  24. P. Phuinthiang et al., “Novel Strategy for the Development of Antibacterial TiO2 Thin Film onto Polymer Substrate at Room Temperature,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 1493, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390/nano11061493.
  25. F. Z. Nouasria, D. Selloum, A. Henni, S. Tingry, and J. Hrbac, “Improvement of the photocatalytic performance of ZnO thin films in the UV and sunlight range by Cu doping and additional coupling with Cu2O,” Ceram Int, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 13283–13294, May 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.01.207.
  26. E. Widyastuti, C. T. Chiu, J. L. Hsu, and Y. Chieh Lee, “Photocatalytic antimicrobial and photostability studies of TiO2/ZnO thin films,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 16, no. 8, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105010.
  27. A.Zhao, J. Sun, and Y. Liu, “Understanding bacterial biofilms: From definition to treatment strategies,” Front Cell Infect Microbiol, vol. 13, 2023, doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1137947.
  28. M. M. Saleh, R. A. Sadeq, H. K. Abdel Latif, H. A. Abbas, and M. Askoura, “Zinc oxide nanoparticles inhibits quorum sensing and virulence in pseudomonas aeruginosa,” Afr Health Sci, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 2043–2055, 2019, doi: 10.4314/ahs.v19i2.28.
  29. K. Ali, B. Ahmed, M. S. Khan, and J. Musarrat, “Differential surface contact killing of pristine and low EPS Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Aloe vera capped hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles,” J PhotochemPhotobiol B, vol. 188, pp. 146–158, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.017.
  30. A.Y. Ali, A. A. K. Alani, B. O. Ahmed, and L. L. Hamid, “Effect of biosynthesized silver nanoparticle size on antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria,” OpenNano, vol. 20, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.onano.2024.100213.
  31. A.S. Joshi, P. Singh, and I. Mijakovic, “Interactions of gold and silver nanoparticles with bacterial biofilms: Molecular interactions behind inhibition and resistance,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 21, no. 20, pp. 1–24, Oct. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijms21207658.
  32. K. Skłodowski, S. J. Chmielewska-Deptuła, E. Piktel, P. Wolak, T. Wollny, and R. Bucki, “Metallic Nanosystems in the Development of Antimicrobial Strategies with High Antimicrobial Activity and High Biocompatibility,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 24, no. 3, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ijms24032104.
  33. Y. Cui, Y. Zhao, Y. Tian, W. Zhang, X. Lü, and X. Jiang, “The molecular mechanism of action of bactericidal gold nanoparticles on Escherichia coli,” Biomaterials, vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 2327–2333, Mar. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.057.
  34. H. J. Chung, C. M. Castro, H. Im, H. Lee, and R. Weissleder, “A magneto-DNA nanoparticle system for rapid detection and phenotyping of bacteria,” Nat Nanotechnol, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 369–375, 2013, doi: 10.1038/nnano.2013.70.
  35. S. Dwivedi, R. Wahab, F. Khan, Y. K. Mishra, J. Musarrat, and A. A. Al-Khedhairy, “Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition via Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Statistical Determination,” PLoS One, vol. 9, no. 11, p. e111289, Nov. 2014, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111289.
  36. M. M. J. Arsene et al., “Antimicrobial activity of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles using Carica papaya L. against Gram-negative bacteria,” Vet World, pp. 1301–1311, Jun. 2023, doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1301-1311.
  37. M. Wypij, T. Jędrzejewski, J. Trzcińska-Wencel, M. Ostrowski, M. Rai, and P. Golińska, “Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities, Biocompatibility, and Analyses of Surface-Attached Proteins,” Front Microbiol, vol. 12, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.632505.
  38. J. S. McQuillan and A. M. Shaw, “Differential gene regulation in the Ag nanoparticle and Ag+-induced silver stress response in Escherichia coli: A full transcriptomic profile,” Nanotoxicology, vol. 8, no. sup1, pp. 177–184, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.870243.
  39. B. Ibrahim, T. H. Akere, S. Chakraborty, E. Valsami-Jones, and H. Ali-Boucetta, “Modulation of Heat Shock Protein Expression in Alveolar Adenocarcinoma Cells through Gold Nanoparticles and Cisplatin Treatment,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 380, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030380.
  40. Y. Wei et al., “Nanomaterial-Based Zinc Ion Interference Therapy to Combat Bacterial Infections,” Front Immunol, vol. 13, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899992.
  41. S. Wu et al., “Adjuvant-like biomimetic nanovesicles combat New Delhi metallo-β-lactamases (NDMs) producing superbugs infections,” Nano Today, vol. 38, p. 101185, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101185.
  42. N. B. Alsaleh, V. C. Minarchick, R. P. Mendoza, B. Sharma, R. Podila, and J. M. Brown, “Silver nanoparticle immunomodulatory potential in absence of direct cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages and MPRO 2.1 neutrophils,” J Immunotoxicol, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 63–73, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1080/1547691X.2019.1588928.
  43. M. Zhu, R. Wang, and G. Nie, “Applications of nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants,” Hum VaccinImmunother, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 2761–2774, Sep. 2014, doi: 10.4161/hv.29589.
  44. T.-R. Jan, Shen, Wang, and Liao, “A single exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles attenuates antigen-specific antibody production and T-cell reactivity in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice,” Int J Nanomedicine, p. 1229, Jun. 2011, doi: 10.2147/IJN.S21019.
  45. S. Tsai et al., “Reversal of Autoimmunity by Boosting Memory-like Autoregulatory T Cells,” Immunity, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 568–580, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.03.015.
  46. A.Sindrilaru et al., “An unrestrained proinflammatory M1 macrophage population induced by iron impairs wound healing in humans and mice,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 121, no. 3, pp. 985–997, Mar. 2011, doi: 10.1172/JCI44490.
  47. T. C. Dakal, A. Kumar, R. S. Majumdar, and V. Yadav, “Mechanistic Basis of Antimicrobial Actions of Silver Nanoparticles,” Front Microbiol, vol. 7, Nov. 2016, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01831.
  48. R. B. K. Wakshlak, R. Pedahzur, and D. Avnir, “Antibacterial activity of silver-killed bacteria: The ‘zombies’ effect,” Sci Rep, vol. 5, Apr. 2015, doi: 10.1038/srep09555.
  49. Z. Qian et al., “A moisturizing chitosan-silk fibroin dressing with silver nanoparticles-adsorbed exosomes for repairing infected wounds,” J Mater Chem B, vol. 8, no. 32, pp. 7197–7212, 2020, doi: 10.1039/D0TB01100B.
  50. M. Konop et al., “Evaluation of keratin biomaterial containing silver nanoparticles as a potential wound dressing in full‐thickness skin wound model in diabetic mice,” J Tissue Eng Regen Med, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 334–346, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1002/term.2998.
  51. V. Ambrogi et al., “Biocompatible alginate silica supported silver nanoparticles composite films for wound dressing with antibiofilm activity,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 112, p. 110863, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110863.
  52. M. Rybka, Ł. Mazurek, and M. Konop, “Beneficial Effect of Wound Dressings Containing Silver and Silver Nanoparticles in Wound Healing—From Experimental Studies to Clinical Practice,” Jan. 01, 2023, MDPI. doi: 10.3390/life13010069.
  53. M. Liu et al., “Magnesium oxide-incorporated electrospun membranes inhibit bacterial infections and promote the healing process of infected wounds,” J Mater Chem B, vol. 9, no. 17, pp. 3727–3744, 2021, doi: 10.1039/D1TB00217A.
  54. M. Liu et al., “Mechanisms of magnesium oxide‐incorporated electrospun membrane modulating inflammation and accelerating wound healing,” J Biomed Mater Res A, vol. 111, no. 1, pp. 132–151, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.37453.
  55. M. K. Abbas et al., “Polymer coated magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles for enhanced wound healing,” New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 48, no. 40, pp. 17396–17410, 2024, doi: 10.1039/D4NJ01909A.
  56. A.Mobed, M. Hasanzadeh, and F. Seidi, “Anti-bacterial activity of gold nanocomposites as a new nanomaterial weapon to combat photogenic agents: recent advances and challenges,” RSC Adv, vol. 11, no. 55, pp. 34688–34698, 2021, doi: 10.1039/D1RA06030A.
  57. B. Mehravani, A. Ribeiro, and A. Zille, “Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis and Antimicrobial Effect on Fibrous Materials,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 5, p. 1067, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/nano11051067.
  58. N. N. Mahmoud et al., “Gold nanoparticles loaded into polymeric hydrogel for wound healing in rats: Effect of nanoparticles’ shape and surface modification,” Int J Pharm, vol. 565, pp. 174–186, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.079.
  59. P. K. Mandapalli, S. Labala, S. Chawla, R. Janupally, D. Sriram, and V. V. K. Venuganti, “Polymer–gold nanoparticle composite films for topical application: Evaluation of physical properties and antibacterial activity,” Polym Compos, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 2829–2840, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1002/pc.23885.
  60. C. Mendes, A. Thirupathi, M. E. A. B. Corrêa, Y. Gu, and P. C. L. Silveira, “The Use of Metallic Nanoparticles in Wound Healing: New Perspectives,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 23, no. 23, p. 15376, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijms232315376.
  61. A.ur R. Khan et al., “Exploration of the antibacterial and wound healing potential of a PLGA/silk fibroin based electrospun membrane loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles,” J Mater Chem B, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1452–1465, 2021, doi: 10.1039/D0TB02822C.
  62. Md. I. H. Mondal, Md. M. Islam, and F. Ahmed, “Enhanced wound healing with biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticle-incorporated carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinylpyrrolidone nanocomposite hydrogels,” Biomater Sci, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 193–209, 2025, doi: 10.1039/D4BM01027B.
  63. J. Z. Tayyeb et al., “Synergistic effect of zinc oxide-cinnamic acid nanoparticles for wound healing management: in vitro and zebrafish model studies,” BMC Biotechnol, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 78, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1186/s12896-024-00906-w.
  64. W. Gao, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, Q. Zhang, and L. Zhang, “Nanoparticle-based local antimicrobial drug delivery,” Adv Drug Deliv Rev, vol. 127, pp. 46–57, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.015.
  65. P. Chatterjee, N. Chauhan, and U. Jain, “Confronting antibiotic-resistant pathogens: Distinctive drug delivery potentials of progressive nanoparticles,” MicrobPathog, vol. 187, p. 106499, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106499.
  66. A.M. Fayaz, K. Balaji, M. Girilal, R. Yadav, P. T. Kalaichelvan, and R. Venketesan, “Biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their synergistic effect with antibiotics: a study against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,” Nanomedicine, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 103–109, Feb. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.04.006.
  67. D. M. Rocca, M. J. Silvero C., V. Aiassa, and M. Cecilia Becerra, “Rapid and effective photodynamic treatment of biofilm infections using low doses of amoxicillin-coated gold nanoparticles,” PhotodiagnosisPhotodynTher, vol. 31, p. 101811, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101811.
  68. Y. Li et al., “The Detailed Bactericidal Process of Ferric Oxide Nanoparticles on E. coli,” Molecules, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 606, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.3390/molecules23030606.
  69. T. N. L. Nguyen et al., “Antimicrobial activity of acrylic polyurethane/Fe3O4-Ag nanocomposite coating,” Prog Org Coat, vol. 132, pp. 15–20, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.02.023.
  70. H. Ibne Shoukani et al., “Ciprofloxacin loaded PEG coated ZnO nanoparticles with enhanced antibacterial and wound healing effects,” Sci Rep, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 4689, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55306-z.
  71. E. L. Cyphert and H. A. von Recum, “Emerging technologies for long-term antimicrobial device coatings: advantages and limitations,” Exp Biol Med, vol. 242, no. 8, pp. 788–798, Apr. 2017, doi: 10.1177/1535370216688572.
  72. C. Song et al., “Preparation, characterization, and antibacterial activity studies of silver-loaded poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) nanocomposites,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 36, pp. 146–151, Mar. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.11.042.
  73. Q. M. Zhang and M. J. Serpe, “Versatile Method for Coating Surfaces with Functional and Responsive Polymer-Based Films,” ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, vol. 7, no. 49, pp. 27547–27553, Dec. 2015, doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b09875.
  74. I.Šlamborová, V. Zajícová, J. Karpíšková, P. Exnar, and I. Stibor, “New type of protective hybrid and nanocomposite hybrid coatings containing silver and copper with an excellent antibacterial effect especially against MRSA,” Materials Science and Engineering: C, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 265–273, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.08.039.
  75. M. Bentaleb, M. Abdulrahman, and M. A. F. Ribeiro Jr, “Nanomedicine and Its Role in Surgical Wound Infections: A Practical Approach,” Bioengineering, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 137, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12020137.
  76. S. Hsu, Y.-B. Chang, C.-L. Tsai, K.-Y. Fu, S.-H. Wang, and H.-J. Tseng, “Characterization and biocompatibility of chitosan nanocomposites,” Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 198–206, Jul. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.029.
  77. A.I. Rezk et al., “Strategic design of a Mussel-inspired in situ reduced Ag/Au-Nanoparticle Coated Magnesium Alloy for enhanced viability, antibacterial property and decelerated corrosion rates for degradable implant Applications,” Sci Rep, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 117, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36545-3.
  78. F. Wahid, C. Zhong, H. S. Wang, X. H. Hu, and L. Q. Chu, “Recent advances in antimicrobial hydrogels containing metal ions and metals/metal oxide nanoparticles,” Nov. 23, 2017, MDPI AG. doi: 10.3390/polym9120636.
  79. W. Low, M. A. Kenward, M. Amin, and C. Martin, “Ionically Crosslinked Chitosan Hydrogels for the Controlled Release of Antimicrobial Essential Oils and Metal Ions for Wound Management Applications,” Medicines, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 8, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.3390/medicines3010008.
  80. Y. Li, R. Fu, Z. Duan, C. Zhu, and D. Fan, “Mussel-inspired adhesive bilayer hydrogels for bacteria-infected wound healing via NIR-enhanced nanozyme therapy,” Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol. 210, p. 112230, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112230.
  81. H. Zhu, X. Cheng, J. Zhang, Q. Wu, C. Liu, and J. Shi, “Constructing a self-healing injectable SABA/Borax/PDA@AgNPs hydrogel for synergistic low-temperature photothermal antibacterial therapy,” J Mater Chem B, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 618–630, 2023, doi: 10.1039/D2TB02306G.
  82. S. Farhoudian, M. Yadollahi, and H. Namazi, “Facile synthesis of antibacterial chitosan/CuO bio-nanocomposite hydrogel beads,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 82, pp. 837–843, Jan. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.018.
  83. P. T. S. Kumar, V.-K. Lakshmanan, R. Biswas, S. V. Nair, and R. Jayakumar, “Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Chitin Hydrogel/Nano ZnO Composite Bandage as Antibacterial Wound Dressing,” J Biomed Nanotechnol, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 891–900, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1166/jbn.2012.1461.
  84. G. Păunica-Panea et al., “New Collagen-Dextran-Zinc Oxide Composites for Wound Dressing,” J Nanomater, vol. 2016, pp. 1–7, 2016, doi: 10.1155/2016/5805034.
  85. A.V. Blinov et al., “Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized with Biopolymers for Application in Wound-Healing Mixed Gels,” Gels, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 57, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/gels9010057.
  86. M. Hasanin, E. M. Swielam, N. A. Atwa, and M. M. Agwa, “Novel design of bandages using cotton pads, doped with chitosan, glycogen and ZnO nanoparticles, having enhanced antimicrobial and wounds healing effects,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 197, pp. 121–130, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.106.
  87. N. Yang et al., “Infection microenvironment-activated nanoparticles for NIR-II photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal/chemodynamic synergistic anti-infective therapy,” Biomaterials, vol. 275, p. 120918, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120918.
  88. H. Zhang et al., “Rational design of silver NPs-incorporated quaternized chitin nanomicelle with combinational antibacterial capability for infected wound healing,” Int J Biol Macromol, vol. 224, pp. 1206–1216, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.206.
  89. J. Ouyang et al., “A black phosphorus based synergistic antibacterial platform against drug resistant bacteria,” J Mater Chem B, vol. 6, no. 39, pp. 6302–6310, 2018, doi: 10.1039/C8TB01669K.
  90. T. Zhou et al., “Multifunctional Plasmon-Tunable Au Nanostars and Their Applications in Highly Efficient Photothermal Inactivation and Ultra-Sensitive SERS Detection,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 23, p. 4232, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.3390/nano12234232.
  91. X. He et al., “A Vehicle-Free Antimicrobial Polymer Hybrid Gold Nanoparticle as Synergistically Therapeutic Platforms for Staphylococcus aureus Infected Wound Healing,” Advanced Science, vol. 9, no. 14, May 2022, doi: 10.1002/advs.202105223.
  92. Y.-Y. Huang, H. Choi, Y. Kushida, B. Bhayana, Y. Wang, and M. R. Hamblin, “Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Effects of Photocatalysis Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Are Strongly Potentiated by Addition of Potassium Iodide,” Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol. 60, no. 9, pp. 5445–5453, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1128/AAC.00980-16.
  93. M.-Y. Yang et al., “Blue light irradiation triggers the antimicrobial potential of ZnO nanoparticles on drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,” J PhotochemPhotobiol B, vol. 180, pp. 235–242, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.003.
  94. P. Sivakumar, M. Lee, Y.-S. Kim, and M. S. Shim, “Photo-triggered antibacterial and anticancer activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles,” J Mater Chem B, vol. 6, no. 30, pp. 4852–4871, 2018, doi: 10.1039/C8TB00948A.
  95. W. He, H.-K. Kim, W. G. Wamer, D. Melka, J. H. Callahan, and J.-J. Yin, “Photogenerated Charge Carriers and Reactive Oxygen Species in ZnO/Au Hybrid Nanostructures with Enhanced Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Activity,” J Am Chem Soc, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 750–757, Jan. 2014, doi: 10.1021/ja410800y.
  96. P. Panchal, D. R. Paul, A. Sharma, P. Choudhary, P. Meena, and S. P. Nehra, “Biogenic mediated Ag/ZnO nanocomposites for photocatalytic and antibacterial activities towards disinfection of water,” J Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 563, pp. 370–380, Mar. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.079.
  97. J.-Y. Wu, C.-W. Li, C.-H. Tsai, C.-W. Chou, D.-R. Chen, and G.-J. Wang, “Synthesis of antibacterial TiO2/PLGA composite biofilms,” Nanomedicine, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. e1097–e1107, Jul. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.01.002.
  98. P. Magesan et al., “Photodynamic and antibacterial studies of template-assisted Fe2O3-TiO2 nanocomposites,” PhotodiagnosisPhotodynTher, vol. 40, p. 103064, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103064.
  99. W. Song and S. Ge, “Application of antimicrobial nanoparticles in dentistry,” Molecules, vol. 24, no. 6, 2019, doi: 10.3390/molecules24061033.
  100. V. Campos-Ibarra et al., “Silver nanoparticles incorporated dental restorative resin and its antibiofilm effect,” R Soc Open Sci, vol. 11, no. 9, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1098/rsos.240915.
  101. M. R. Santi et al., “Effect of zinc nanoparticles on the mechanical properties and stability of the resin-dentin bonded interface,” J Adhes Sci Technol, vol. 38, no. 14, pp. 2517–2532, 2024, doi: 10.1080/01694243.2024.2304965.
  102. S. Kasraei, L. Sami, S. Hendi, M.-Y. AliKhani, L. Rezaei-Soufi, and Z. Khamverdi, “ Antibacterial properties of composite resins incorporating silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus ,” Restor Dent Endod, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 109, 2014, doi: 10.5395/rde.2014.39.2.109.
  103. V. W. Xu, M. Z. I. Nizami, I. X. Yin, O. Y. Yu, C. Y. K. Lung, and C. H. Chu, “Application of Copper Nanoparticles in Dentistry,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 5, p. 805, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/nano12050805.
  104. A.Shrestha and A. Kishen, “Antibacterial Nanoparticles in Endodontics: A Review,” Oct. 01, 2016, Elsevier Inc. doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.05.021.
  105. Z. Jowkar, S. A. Hamidi, F. Shafiei, and Y. Ghahramani, “The Effect of Silver, Zinc Oxide, and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Used as Final Irrigation Solutions on the Fracture Resistance of Root-Filled Teeth,” Clin CosmetInvestig Dent, vol. Volume 12, pp. 141–148, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S253251.
  106. A.Kishen, Z. Shi, A. Shrestha, and K. G. Neoh, “An Investigation on the Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Cationic Nanoparticulates for Root Canal Disinfection,” J Endod, vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 1515–1520, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.035.
  107. S. A. Hadi and A. S. Al-Mizraqchi, “Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Growth of Enterococcus Feacales, Candida and Total Root Canal Microbiota (in Vitro Study),” Indian J Public Health Res Dev, vol. 10, no. 11, p. 2134, 2019, doi: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.03874.9.
  108. S. Singh, R. Nagpal, N. Manuja, and S. P. Tyagi, “Photodynamic therapy: An adjunct to conventional root canal disinfection strategies,” Australian Endodontic Journal, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 54–71, Aug. 2015, doi: 10.1111/aej.12088.
  109. S. E. Elsaka, I. M. Hamouda, and M. V. Swain, “Titanium dioxide nanoparticles addition to a conventional glass-ionomer restorative: Influence on physical and antibacterial properties,” J Dent, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 589–598, Sep. 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.05.006.
  110. Mohammad Behnaz, Shahin Kasraei, Zahra Yadegari, FaezeZare, and GolnazNahvi, “Effects of Orthodontic Bonding Containing TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles on Prevention of White Spot Lesions: an In Vitro Study,” Biointerface Res Appl Chem, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 431–440, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.33263/briac121.431440.
  111. A.Sodagar et al., “Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles incorporation on antibacterial properties and shear bond strength of dental composite used in orthodontics,” Dental Press J Orthod, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 67–74, Sep. 2017, doi: 10.1590/2177-6709.22.5.067-074.oar.
  112. F. Farzanegan, M. Shahabi, A. E. Niazi, S. Soleimanpour, H. Shafaee, and A. Rangrazi, “Effect of the addition of Chitosan and TiO2nanoparticles on antibacterial properties of an orthodontic composite in fixed orthodontic treatment: A randomized clinical trial study,” Biomed Phys Eng Express, vol. 7, no. 4, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac0609.
  113. L. F. Espinosa-Cristóbal et al., “Antiadherence and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver Nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans on Brackets and Wires Used for Orthodontic Treatments,” J Nanomater, vol. 2018, pp. 1–11, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1155/2018/9248527.
  114. I.Jasso-Ruiz et al., “Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles on orthodontic brackets: A new alternative in the prevention of white spots,” Coatings, vol. 9, no. 8, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.3390/coatings9080480.
  115. X. Lu et al., “Multifunctional Coatings of Titanium Implants Toward Promoting Osseointegration and Preventing Infection: Recent Developments,” Front BioengBiotechnol, vol. 9, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.783816.
  116. M. Hosseini Hooshiar et al., “Potential role of metal nanoparticles in treatment of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis,” Biomed Eng Online, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 101, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.1186/s12938-024-01294-0.
  117. A.M. Díez-Pascual and A. L. Díez-Vicente, “Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on the performance of polyphenylsulfone biomaterial for orthopaedic implants,” J Mater Chem B, vol. 2, no. 43, pp. 7502–7514, Nov. 2014, doi: 10.1039/c4tb01101e.
  118. E. Chifor et al., “Bioactive Coatings Based on Nanostructured TiO2 Modified with Noble Metal Nanoparticles and Lysozyme for Ti Dental Implants,” Nanomaterials, vol. 12, no. 18, Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/nano12183186.
  119. G. de Souza Castro et al., “The Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Osteoblasts Mineralization: A Comparison between 2D and 3D Cell Culture Models,” Nanomaterials, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 425, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/nano13030425.
  120. A.Ma et al., “Icariin-Functionalized Coating on TiO2 Nanotubes Surface to Improve Osteoblast Activity In Vitro and Osteogenesis Ability In Vivo,” Coatings, vol. 9, no. 5, p. 327, May 2019, doi: 10.3390/coatings9050327.
  121. T. Soma et al., “An ionic silver coating prevents implant-associated infection by anaerobic bacteria in vitro and in vivo in mice,” Sci Rep, vol. 12, no. 1, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23322-6.
  122. A.Sevencan, E. K. Doyuk, and N. Köse, “Silver ion doped hydroxyapatite-coated titanium pins prevent bacterial colonization,” Jt Dis Relat Surg, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 35–41, 2021, doi: 10.5606/ehc.2021.79357.
  123. S. Varshney, A. Nigam, A. Singh, S. K. Samanta, N. Mishra, and R. P. Tewari, “Antibacterial, Structural, and Mechanical Properties of MgO/ZnO Nanocomposites and its HA-Based Bio-Ceramics; Synthesized via Physio-Chemical Route for Biomedical Applications,” Materials Technology, vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2503–2516, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1080/10667857.2022.2043661.
  124. B. Maimaiti et al., “Stable ZnO-doped hydroxyapatite nanocoating for anti-infection and osteogenic on titanium,” Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, vol. 186, p. 110731, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110731.
  125. A.A. Shitole, P. W. Raut, N. Sharma, P. Giram, A. P. Khandwekar, and B. Garnaik, “Electrospun polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite/ZnO nanofibers as potential biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration,” J Mater Sci Mater Med, vol. 30, no. 5, p. 51, May 2019, doi: 10.1007/s10856-019-6255-5.
  126. E. Proniewicz, A. M. Vijayan, O. Surma, A. Szkudlarek, and M. Molenda, “Plant-Assisted Green Synthesis of MgO Nanoparticles as a Sustainable Material for Bone Regeneration: Spectroscopic Properties,” Int J Mol Sci, vol. 25, no. 8, p. 4242, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.3390/ijms25084242.
  127. L. Yu et al., “Effects of MgO nanoparticle addition on the mechanical properties, degradation properties, antibacterial properties and in vitro and in vivo biological properties of 3D-printed Zn scaffolds,” Bioact Mater, vol. 37, pp. 72–85, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.016.
  128. J. Du et al., “Electrophoretic coating of magnesium oxide on microarc-oxidized titanium and characterization of in vitro antibacterial activity and biocompatibility,” Surf Coat Technol, vol. 476, p. 130211, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2023.130211.
  129. G. Mendonça et al., “Nanostructured alumina-coated implant surface: effect on osteoblast-related gene expression and bone-to-implant contact in vivo.,” Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 205–15, 2009.
  130. M. Bahraminasab, S. Arab, M. Safari, A. Talebi, F. Kavakebian, and N. Doostmohammadi, “In vivo performance of Al2O3-Ti bone implants in the rat femur,” J Orthop Surg Res, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 79, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1186/s13018-021-02226-7.
  131. H. Soltaninejad et al., “Evaluating the Toxicity and Histological Effects of Al2O3 Nanoparticles on Bone Tissue in Animal Model: A Case-Control Study,” J Toxicol, vol. 2020, pp. 1–8, Nov. 2020, doi: 10.1155/2020/8870530.
  132. A.M.El Shahawi, “Incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles and it’s antibacterial effect on toothpaste,” Bull Natl Res Cent, vol. 47, no. 1, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1186/s42269-022-00975-x.
  133. O. A. K. Ahmed et al., “Prospects of Using Gum Arabic Silver Nanoparticles in Toothpaste to Prevent Dental Caries,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 15, no. 3, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030871.
  134. R. Nagasaki, K. Nagano, T. Nezu, and M. Iijima, “Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Glass and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Enamel Remineralization and Antimicrobial Capabilities,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 21, p. 6878, Oct. 2023, doi: 10.3390/ma16216878.
  135. A.G. Morales, J. Jofre, E. Perez-Tijerina, S. Sólis-Pomar, G. Sánchez-Sanhueza, and M. Meléndrez, “Effect of titanium coated with 3 different types of copper nanoparticles in the oral biofilm formation,” J Dent Health Oral DisordTher, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2021, doi: 10.15406/jdhodt.2021.12.00541.
  136. A.METO et al., “Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of a copper/calcium hydroxide-based endodontic paste against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans,” Dent Mater J, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 591–603, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.4012/dmj.2018-252.
  137. Y. Liu et al., “Ferumoxytol Nanoparticles Target Biofilms Causing Tooth Decay in the Human Mouth,” Nano Lett, vol. 21, no. 22, pp. 9442–9449, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02702.
  138. L. Gao et al., “Nanocatalysts promote Streptococcus mutans biofilm matrix degradation and enhance bacterial killing to suppress dental caries in vivo,” Biomaterials, vol. 101, pp. 272–284, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.051.
  139. D. Lahiri et al., “Anti-biofilm efficacy of green-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles on oral biofilm: In vitro and in silico study,” Front Microbiol, vol. 13, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939390.
  140. R. Bahrami, M. Pourhajibagher, S. Parker, D. Esmaeili, and A. Bahador, “Anti-biofilm and bystander effects of antimicrobial photo-sonodynamic therapy against polymicrobial periopathogenic biofilms formed on coated orthodontic mini-screws with zinc oxide nanoparticles,” PhotodiagnosisPhotodynTher, vol. 41, p. 103288, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103288.
  141. B. M. Al-Fahham, R. A. Mohamed, J. M. T. Al-Talqani, A. H. Fahad, and J. Haider, “Evaluating Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Gold Nanoparticles against Streptococcus oralis,” Int J Dent, vol. 2023, pp. 1–8, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.1155/2023/9935556.
  142. Mohd. A. Sherwani, S. Tufail, A. A. Khan, and M. Owais, “Gold Nanoparticle-Photosensitizer Conjugate Based Photodynamic Inactivation of Biofilm Producing Cells: Potential for Treatment of C. albicans Infection in BALB/c Mice,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 7, p. e0131684, Jul. 2015, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131684.
  143. A.Manuja et al., “Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: Toxicity concerns associated with their physical state and remediation for biomedical applications,” Toxicol Rep, vol. 8, pp. 1970–1978, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.020.
  144. L. Xuan, Z. Ju, M. Skonieczna, P. Zhou, and R. Huang, “Nanoparticles‐induced potential toxicity on human health: Applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models,” MedComm (Beijing), vol. 4, no. 4, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1002/mco2.327.
  145. M. M. Rashid, P. Forte Tavčer, and B. Tomšič, “Influence of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Human Health and the Environment,” Nanomaterials, vol. 11, no. 9, p. 2354, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.3390/nano11092354.
  146. N. Asare et al., “Genotoxicity and gene expression modulation of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice,” Nanotoxicology, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 312–321, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1071443.
  147. A.V. Sirotkin, M. Bauer, A. Kadasi, P. Makovicky, and S. Scsukova, “The toxic influence of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on cultured ovarian granulosa cells,” Reprod Biol, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 100467, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.100467.
  148. A.Yusuf, A. R. Z. Almotairy, H. Henidi, O. Y. Alshehri, and M. S. Aldughaim, “Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles’ Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems,” Polymers (Basel), vol. 15, no. 7, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/polym15071596.

Copyright @ 2026 IRJIET. All Right Reserved.

Licensed underCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.