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ESTD Year: 2017 | Impact Factor (2026): 8.7
DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET
ESTD Year: 2017 | Impact Factor (2026): 8.7
DOI Prefix: 10.47001/IRJIET
Vol 10 No 6 (2026): Volume 10, Issue 6, June 2026 | Pages: 294-317
International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology
OPEN ACCESS | Research Article | Published Date: 30-06-2026
This paper presents a techno-economic and environmental assessment of a 4.48 MWac floating solar photovoltaic (FPV) plant proposed for the Pacitan reservoir in East Java, Indonesia, co-located with a planned 1,000 MW pumped-storage hydropower plant (PSHP). Four configurations were simulated in PVsyst V8.1.3 using Meteonorm 8.2 climate data (annual GHI of 1,928.4 kWh/m²): a monofacial grid-connected array (Sc. 1); a bifacial grid-connected array (Sc. 2); and the same two arrays each integrated with a BYD battery energy storage system operated in a power-shifting mode (Mono+BESS and Bifa+BESS). The bifacial grid-only configuration records the highest annual yield, generating 9,474,473 kWh at a performance ratio (PR) of 89.73% and a specific yield of 1,757 kWh/kWp — approximately 4.91% above the monofacial baseline of 9,031,908 kWh (PR 84.74%). The storage configurations inject somewhat less into the grid, 8,573,928 kWh (Mono+BESS, PR 80.45%) and 8,382,356 kWh (Bifa+BESS, PR 85.55%), owing to round-trip conversion losses; this modest reduction in delivered energy is offset by the dispatch flexibility they provide and by their capacity to supply the PSHP's auxiliary loads.
Environmental analysis confirms strongly positive lifetime CO₂ balances under Indonesia's grid emission factor of 734 gCO₂/kWh, with net savings of about 162,000–179,000 tCO₂ over a 30-year horizon and a lifecycle emission intensity of 8–16 gCO₂/kWh — roughly 50–100 times lower than conventional fossil-fuel generation. As a secondary co-benefit, reservoir evaporation mitigation yields annual water savings of 208,845–626,535 m³/year at 25–75% FPV surface coverage, a conserved volume that directly augments the water available to the co-located PSHP.
The financial analysis applies Indonesia's regulated tariff under Perpres 112/2022, with a 9% discount rate and a 30-year horizon. As the tariff band is set by AC capacity rather than panel rating, the plant's 4.48 MWac falls within the >3–5 MW tier, priced at 8.77 US¢/kWh for years 1–10 and 5.26 US¢/kWh thereafter (a levelised value of approximately 7.56 US¢/kWh). Under this tariff the grid-only configurations are feasible but only marginally so: their levelised cost of energy (LCOE) of 7.42–7.46 US¢/kWh lies just below the tariff, yielding an internal rate of return (IRR) of 9.2–9.3% and a slightly positive net present value (NPV) of approximately +$0.09–0.12 million. The storage configurations perform considerably better. Article 10 (Pasal 10) of the same regulation permits a storage-equipped plant to receive a battery-facility premium of up to 60% above the benchmark price — equivalent to 160% of the HPT applied to all exported energy — which raises NPV to approximately +$2.23 million (Mono+BESS) and +$1.68 million (Bifa+BESS), increases IRR to 12.5–13.8%, and reduces payback to under seven years. The storage cases reach break-even while drawing on less than one-third of the permitted 60% allowance, indicating that their viability is robust even where the negotiated price falls below the regulatory ceiling. Collectively, these findings offer developers, utilities, and policymakers a quantitative basis for selecting an FPV configuration at tropical reservoir sites with comparable solar resources.
Floating PV; Bifacial PV; Pumped Storage Hydropower (PSHP); BESS Auxiliary Power; GHG Emission Reduction; Reservoir Evaporation Mitigation; PVsyst; Indonesia; Techno-Economic Assessment.
Wahyu Kurniawan, Heri Sutanto, & Jaka Windarta. (2026). Study of Floating Solar PV with Battery Storage Co-Located with Pumped Storage Hydropower at East Java, Indonesia: A Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment. International Research Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology - IRJIET, 10(6), 294-317. Article DOI https://doi.org/10.47001/IRJIET/2026.106037
This work is licensed under Creative common Attribution Non Commercial 4.0 Internation Licence
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